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Ecosystem service tradeoff between traditional and modern agriculture: a case study in Congjiang County

Dan ZHANG, Qingwen MIN, Moucheng LIU, Shengkui CHENG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第5期页码 743-752 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0385-4

摘要： Besides crops, agriculture supplies all three major categories of ecosystem services (ES). However, agriculture also supplies an array of ecosystem dis-services (EDS) that may harm other ecosystems. The flows of ES and EDS are directly dependent on the management of agricultural ecosystems. The traditional method of Chinese agriculture, which supports sustainable agriculture, has been proven to increase ES and reduce EDS. However, there is a lack of a detailed understanding of the ES and EDS associated with traditional agriculture, and also of differences between traditional and modern agriculture. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem dis-services (EDS) of traditional and modern agriculture in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Afterwards, the economic values of ES and EDS were quantified experimentally and calculated based on the market price. The results show that: the net economic value of traditional rice-fish agriculture was 3.31×10 CNY·ha (6.83 CNY= 1 USD as of July, 2009) and that of rice monoculture was 1.99×10 CNY·ha . Significant differences existed between traditional rice-fish and rice monoculture fields for their economic values of some ES or EDS. A benefit and cost analysis (BCA) model was used to adjust the conflict between the economic income and environmental loss from traditional and modern agriculture. The BCA model not only calculates the net income but also monetizes the EDS of the agricultural systems. The results showed that the net income of rice-fish agriculture was 1.94×10 CNY·ha higher than that of rice monoculture. However, the benefit to cost ratio (BCR) of rice-fish agriculture was lower than that of rice monoculture, indicating that the traditional agricultural model was not the most optimized choice for farmers. The value of the rice-fish agriculture was much higher than that of the rice monoculture. Thus, when considering the benefits that rice-fish agriculture contributes to the large-scale society, these agricultural methods needs to be utilized. Furthermore, the labor opportunity costs were calculated and the comprehensive value of rice monoculture was negative. Finally, the compensation standard was calculated based on the comprehensive benefit analysis. The lowest level was 1.09×10 CNY·ha , and the highest level was 1.21×10 CNY·ha .

关键词： traditional agriculture rice-fish agriculture rice monoculture benefit and cost analysis (BCA) ecosystem services (ES) ecosystem dis-services (EDS)

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稻渔综合种养及其发展建议

马达文,钱静,刘家寿,桂建芳

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第3期页码 96-100 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.03.016

摘要：

稻田养鱼是一种传统的综合养鱼方式。近几年来，一批以特种经济品种为主导的稻渔综合种养新模式不断涌现，在经济、社会、生态等方面取得显著的成效。为了推广稻渔综合种养的经验，本文实地调研了湖北省两种典型的稻渔综合种养模式，其中“虾–稻共作”模式亩均纯收入超过3 000元，亩纯收入则是单纯种粮的3~4倍；“鳖–虾–鱼–稻共作”模式亩均纯收入近万元，是单一种植水稻亩均效益的12.8倍。本文还提出了加快产业发展的建议,包括进一步拓展种养殖空间、促进产业融合发展及加大政策扶持力度等。

关键词：稻田综合种养虾–稻共作鳖–虾–鱼–稻共作

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Determination and occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in fish

Yong YU,Laosheng WU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 475-481 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0640-6

摘要： Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have attracted much attention due to widespread contamination in aquatic environment. In this study, we determined 13 EDCs and PPCPs in fish blood, bile and muscle by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The limits of quantitation (LOQ) were in the ranges of 0.23–2.54, 0.22–2.36 ng·mL , and 0.24–2.57 ng·g dry weight (dw) for fish blood, bile and muscle, respectively. Recoveries of target compounds spiked into sample matrices and passed through the entire analytical procedure ranged from 65% to 95%, from 60% to 92% and from 62% to 91% for blood, bile and muscle, respectively. The methods were applied to the analysis of fish from a lake in California. Target compounds were relatively low in bile, and only bisphenol A (BPA) and diclofenac were measurable near the LOQ. Seven of 13 compounds were detected in blood, with total concentrations up to 39 ng·mL . Only BPA was frequently found in muscle, with mean concentration of 7.26 ng·g dw. The estimated daily intake of BPA through fish consumption for U.S. resident was significantly lower than the tolerable daily intake recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. This study showed that the exposure to the bisphenol A from fish diet is unlikely to pose a health risk.

关键词： endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) fish bisphenol A (BPA) risk assessment

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海洋鱼类资源的可持续利用和海洋鱼类科学技术的研究方向

林浩然

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第3期页码 27-30

摘要：

积极实施海洋鱼类的增殖与养殖是海洋鱼类资源合理开发和可持续利用的基本措施和有效途径。因此，建立和提高海洋鱼类增殖与养殖的新技术，是近年来海洋生物技术的重要研究领域之一。海洋鱼类的生殖内分泌生理学、生长与发育生物学、免疫学、分子生物学等是海洋鱼类增殖与养殖的理论基础；系统深入地开展这些学科的基础研究和应用基础研究，成为当前海洋鱼类科学技术的前沿和主要发展方向。

关键词：海洋鱼类资源可持续利用海洋鱼类增殖和养殖海洋鱼类科学技术海洋生物技术

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Effects of nano-silicon and common silicon on lead uptake and translocation in two rice cultivars

Jianguo LIU,Hui CAI,Congcong MEI,Mingxin WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第5期页码 905-911 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0786-x

摘要： The current study investigated the effects of nano-silicon (Si) and common Si on lead (Pb) toxicity, uptake, translocation, and accumulation in the rice cultivars Yangdao 6 and Yu 44 grown in soil containing two different Pb levels (500 mg·kg and 1000 mg·kg ). The results showed that Si application alleviated the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth. Under soil Pb treatments of 500 and 1000 mg·kg , the biomasses of plants supplied with common Si and nano-Si were 1.8%–5.2% and 3.3%–11.8% higher, respectively, than those of plants with no Si supply (control). Compared to the control, Pb concentrations in rice shoots supplied with common Si and nano-Si were reduced by 14.3%–31.4% and 27.6%–54.0%, respectively. Pb concentrations in rice grains treated with common Si and nano-Si decreased by 21.3%–40.9% and 38.6%–64.8%, respectively. Pb translocation factors (TFs) from roots to shoots decreased by 15.0%–29.3% and 25.6%–50.8%, respectively. The TFs from shoots to grains reduced by 8.3%–13.7% and 15.3%–21.1%, respectively, after Si application. The magnitudes of the effects observed on plants decreased in the following order: nano-Si treatment>common Si treatment and high-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yangdao 6)>low-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yu 44) and heavy Pb stress (1000 mg·kg )>moderate Pb stress (500 mg·kg )>no Pb treatment. The results of the study indicate that nano-Si is more efficient than common Si in ameliorating the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth, preventing Pb transfer from rice roots to aboveground parts, and blocking Pb accumulation in rice grains, especially in high-Pb-accumulating rice cultivars and in heavily Pb-polluted soils.

关键词： silicon (Si) lead (Pb) rice (Oryza sativa L.) toxicity accumulation

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Direct ethanol production from rice straw by coculture with two high-performing fungi

Maki TAKANO, Kazuhiro HOSHINO

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 139-145 doi: 10.1007/s11705-012-1281-6

摘要： To develop efficient and economical direct ethanol production from fine rice straw crashed mechanically, two high-performing fungi, which can secret hyperactive cellulases and/or ferment effectively various sugars, were selected from some strains belong to preserved in our laboratory. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) by coculture with these fungi was investigated. The screening of high-performing fungi resulted in the selection of NBRC 4572 as an ethanol-producing fungus and NBRC 5398 as a cellulase-secreting fungus. The strain 4572 produced ethanol aerobically from glucose and xylose in high yields of 0.420 g/g at 36 h and 0.478 g/g at 60 h, respectively, but secreted fairly low cellulases. On the other hand, the strain 5398 also produced ethanol from glucose in yield of 0.340 g/g though it had a little growth in xylose culture. However, it secreted hyperactive cellulases that are essential for hydrolysis of rice straw in culture and the maximum activities of endo-β-glucanase and β-glucosidase were 2.11 U/L and 1.47 U/L, respectively. In SSF of rice straw by coculture with two fungi selected, the ethanol production reached 1.28 g/L after 96 h when the inoculation ratio of the strain 5398 to the strain 4572 was 9.

关键词： Mucor circinelloides ethanol production cellulase secretion SSF coculture rice straw

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水稻eui种质的遗传评价和育种利用

杨仁崔

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第8期页码 26-30

摘要：

发现水稻节间伸长的eui新基因及其高秆隐性种质的多型性，育成长穗颈的雄性不育系，组配成e(eui)-杂交稻，并已进入生产应用。e-杂交稻研究和发展的目标是：减少杂交稻种子生产中50%～90%的赤霉素用量，并提高种子产量和质量；杂交稻增产，同时减少杂交稻种植的氮肥用量。已克隆分离出EUI1，EUI2基因，并获得该突变基因碱基缺失多样性的材料，将为植物生长发育，GA代谢激素与杂种优势，以及基因突变的分子机理和植物基因工程的研究提供材料和机遇。

关键词：水稻 eui e-杂交稻遗传评价育种

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The implications of planting mode on cadmium uptake and remobilization in rice: Field experiments across

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1431-5

摘要：

•Direct seeding (DS) method led to more distributed Cd in aerial parts of rice.

关键词： Cadmium Genotypes Growth stages Micro X-ray fluorescence Planting mode

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Effects of riparian land use on water quality and fish communities in the headwater stream of the Taizi

Sen DING, Yuan ZHANG, Bin LIU, Weijing KONG, Wei MENG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第5期页码 699-708 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0528-x

摘要： Riparian land use remains one of the most significant impacts on stream ecosystems. This study focuses on the relationship between stream ecosystems and riparian land use in headwater regions. Four riparian land types including forest, grassland, farmland, and residential land were examined to reveal the correlation between stream water and fish communities in headwater streams of the Taizi River in north-eastern China. Four land types along riparian of 3 km in length were evaluated at 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 m widths, respectively. Generally, the results found a significant relationship between riparian land uses and stream water quality. Grassland was positively correlated with water quality parameters (conductivity and total dissolved solids) at scales from 100 to 500 m riparian width. Farmland and residential land was negatively correlated with water quality parameters at scales from 25 to 500 m and from 50 to 200 m riparian widths, respectively. Although the riparian forest is important for maintaining habitat diversity and fish communities, the results found that only fish communities were significantly correlated with the proportion of riparian farmland. Farmland had a positive correlation with individual fish abundance within a riparian corridor of 25 to 50 m, but a negative correlation with fish diversity metrics from 25 to 100 m. This study indicates that effective riparian management can improve water quality and fish communities in headwater streams.

关键词： fish water quality land use riparian buffer headwater stream

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水稻节水灌溉及其对环境的影响

茆智

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第7期页码 8-16

摘要：

水稻是中国最主要的粮食作物之一，其产量约占粮食作物总产量的40%；在全国约11×108hm2的粮食作物总面积中，稻田面积约占28%。20世纪80年代以来，水稻产区的水资源短缺已成为当地农业生产中的重要问题，各地试验、开发、应用与推广了许多种水稻节水灌溉模式。文章根据这些新的水稻灌溉模式试验结果与推广经验，将我国水稻节水灌溉主要模式归纳为浅、湿、晒结合，间歇淹水，半旱栽培和蓄雨型等4类。阐述了这些模式的田间水分控制标准以及节水、增产和提高水分生产率的潜力；提出了该4类模式的选择原则以及应用这些模式时应注意的问题；分析、讨论了推广这些模式能够持续节水与提高水分生产率的机理以及对环境的影响。

关键词：水稻节水灌溉灌溉模式节水潜力环境影响

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Assessment of toxicity of two nitroaromatic compounds in the freshwater fish

Hongyan SHEN, Jixi GAO, Jinsheng WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 518-523 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0427-6

摘要： This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological response of -nitrotoluene and -nitroaniline to the key fish species, . A freshwater fish bioassay based on the 96 h was used to estimate the single and joint toxicity of the two chemicals. The toxicity of -nitrotoluene was greater than that of -nitroaniline based on 96 h values of 40.74 mg·L and 48.99 mg·L , respectively. Both compounds had moderate toxicity toward , and this toxicity increased with the exposure duration and concentration. Binary mixtures of the compounds were more toxic than the individual compounds at 96 h, and they acted upon partial addition. When the exposure time was longer, the toxicity increased for mixtures of compounds with the same concentration or toxicity. The results of this study suggest that exposure to a combination of these chemicals would result in a higher environmental risk in aquatic systems than exposure to either compound alone. Further research is needed to investigate the combined effects and sublethal toxicity of -nitrotoluene and -nitroaniline, since they are both still used in China.

关键词： joint toxicity Cyprinus carpio LC₅₀ p-nitrotoluene p-nitroaniline toxic unit

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Simultaneous quantification of several classes of antibiotics in water, sediments, and fish muscles by

WEI Yimei,ZHANG Yuan,XU Jian,GUO Changsheng,LI Lei,FAN Wenhong

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 357-371 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0580-6

摘要： Precise and sensitive methods for the simultaneous determination of different classes of antibiotics, including sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim in surface water, sediments, and fish muscles were developed. In water samples, drugs were extracted with solid-phase extraction (SPE) by passing 1000 mL of water through hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) SPE cartridges. Sediment samples were solvent-extracted, followed by tandem SPE (strong anion exchange (SAX) + HLB) clean-ups. Fish muscles were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile and citric buffer (80:20, v/v) solution, and cleaned by SPE. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection was employed to quantify all compounds. The recoveries for the antibiotics in the spiked water, sediment, and fish samples were 60.2%–95.8%, 48.1%–105.3%, and 59.8%–103.4%, respectively. The methods were applied to samples taken from Dianchi Lake, China. It showed that concentrations of the detected antibiotics ranged from limits of quantification (LOQ) to 713.6 ng·L (ofloxacin) in surface water and from less than LOQ to 344.8 μg·kg (sulphamethoxazole) in sediments. The number of detected antibiotics and the overall antibiotic concentrations were higher in the urban area than the rural area, indicating the probable role of livestock and human activities as important sources of antibiotic contamination. In fish muscles, the concentration of norfloxacin was the highest (up to 38.5 μg·kg ), but tetracyclines and macrolides were relatively low. Results showed that the methods were rapid and sensitive, and capable of determining several classes of antibiotics from each of the water, sediment, and fish matrices in a single run.

关键词： antibiotics liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) water sediment fish muscle

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鱼类友好型水轮机设计研究综述

杨春霞,郑源,张玉全,罗红英

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第3期页码 96-101 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.03.014

摘要：

当鱼类资源通过常规水轮机时会不可避免地受到损伤。受伤和死亡的鱼类会对水域造成污染，从而制约了水电工程的生态发展。针对鱼类下行过坝的措施及存在的问题，笔者介绍了鱼类通过水轮机流道下行时可能受到的伤害机理，主要分为机械、压力、剪切力和空蚀四种。鱼体的损伤程度与鱼体的种类、尺寸、进入水轮机系统的方式等因素有关。本文根据过鱼损伤机理，提出目前鱼类友好型水轮机设计的主要思路，阐述了传统的水轮机进行鱼类友好设计的准则和典型的鱼类友好型水轮机的设计理念。

关键词：鱼类友好型水轮机鱼体损伤机理水动力设计优化

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China’s Agriculture Green Development: from Concept to Actions

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023512

摘要：

● A target-threshold indicator evaluation system is proposed to measure China’s agriculture transformation.

关键词： agricultural transformation Agriculture Green Development historical trend indicator system theoretical conception

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Policy options for Agriculture Green Development by farmers in China

Laurence E. D. SMITH

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第7卷第1期页码 90-97 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019290

摘要：

Farmers are the key agents who manage land and water. Agriculture Green Development (AGD) requires a transformation in farming from high resource consumption and environmental cost to sustainable intensification with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental risk. This paper analyzes the public policy challenge of AGD and makes the case for a location-sensitive policy mix made up of regulation, advice provision, voluntarism and targeted incentives. The public agricultural extension service in China is a key resource, but one that requires reorientation and reform with the aim of better balancing high farm productivity with environmental protection.

关键词： agriculture environment development incentives policy regulation